{"id":1132,"date":"2008-09-16T21:53:49","date_gmt":"2008-09-17T01:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/s265039441.onlinehome.us\/philpaine\/?p=1132"},"modified":"2018-08-12T03:59:43","modified_gmt":"2018-08-12T07:59:43","slug":"tuesday-sept-16-2008-more-on-terms-misused","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.philpaine.com\/?p=1132","title":{"rendered":"Tuesday, Sept 16, 2008 \u2014 More On Terms Misused"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201c<\/span>Lais\u00adsez-faire\u201d is one of many terms that are con\u00adsis\u00adtent\u00adly mis\u00adun\u00adder\u00adstood, mis\u00adused, and distorted.<\/span><\/p>\n

The term orig\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded in 17th cen\u00adtu\u00adry France. Under the rule of Louis XIV<\/span>, France had a cen\u00adtral\u00adized, state-man\u00adaged econ\u00ado\u00admy. Vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly all key eco\u00adnom\u00adic deci\u00adsions were in the hands of Louis\u2019 inten\u00addant (\u201cman\u00adag\u00ader\u201d is a bet\u00adter trans\u00adla\u00adtion than \u201cmin\u00adis\u00adter\u201d), Jean-Bap\u00adtiste Col\u00adbert. Col\u00adbert direct\u00aded the country\u2019s indus\u00adtries with absolute author\u00adi\u00adty, pun\u00adish\u00ading the dis\u00adobe\u00addi\u00adent with bru\u00adtal sanc\u00adtions. He sup\u00adpressed what lit\u00adtle labour orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtion there was. He encour\u00adaged the cre\u00adation of giant cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions, and he gave out mil\u00adi\u00adtary con\u00adtracts, monop\u00ado\u00adlies, sub\u00adsi\u00addies and priv\u00adi\u00adleges to those he liked. The cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions grew fat on the pro\u00adceeds of Louis\u2019 inces\u00adsant wars. France was a sort of Hal\u00adibur\u00adton\u2019s Heav\u00aden. As a con\u00adse\u00adquence, after a brief boom cre\u00adat\u00aded by the ini\u00adtial con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adtion of cap\u00adi\u00adtal, France\u2019s tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy and econ\u00ado\u00admy stag\u00adnat\u00aded, the gap between rich and poor widened, and those at the bot\u00adtom starved, just as it has tran\u00adspired in all such dirigiste regimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

As France\u2019s decline became obvi\u00adous, a group of small\u00ader entre\u00adpre\u00adneurs \u2015 the very ones who were most shack\u00adled and dis\u00adad\u00advan\u00adtaged by Colbert\u2019s wor\u00adship of Big Cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions, approached Col\u00adbert with a peti\u00adtion. Col\u00adbert demand\u00aded to know what sub\u00adsi\u00addies and priv\u00adi\u00adleges they want\u00aded. One of their num\u00adber respond\u00aded \u201clais\u00adsez-nous faire\u201d. Leave us alone. Don\u2019t favour us with sub\u00adsi\u00addies and priv\u00adi\u00adleges. Don\u2019t favour any\u00adone with sub\u00adsi\u00addies or privileges.<\/span><\/p>\n

And that is what \u201clais\u00adsez-faire\u201d means. It is the doc\u00adtrine that the State should not hand out gifts, favours, monop\u00ado\u00adlies and spe\u00adcial priv\u00adi\u00adleges to busi\u00adness, trades or man\u00adu\u00adfac\u00adtur\u00aders. Since that has been the prin\u00adci\u00adple activ\u00adi\u00adty of mon\u00adarchs and gov\u00adern\u00adments through\u00adout his\u00adto\u00adry, \u201clais\u00adsez-faire\u201d was a pro\u00adfound\u00adly rad\u00adi\u00adcal, rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary idea. The prin\u00adci\u00adple of lais\u00adsez-faire is one, but not the only ele\u00adment that defines a free mar\u00adket. It is, how\u00adev\u00ader, a nec\u00ades\u00adsary ele\u00adment. A free mar\u00adket can\u00adnot exist with\u00adout it. Anoth\u00ader essen\u00adtial ele\u00adment is democ\u00adra\u00adcy. A free mar\u00adket can only exist in a func\u00adtion\u00ading democ\u00adra\u00adcy, since a \u201cfree mar\u00adket\u201d is by def\u00adi\u00adn\u00adi\u00adtion a mar\u00adket of free peo\u00adple. No state that is not a ful\u00adly func\u00adtion\u00ading democ\u00adra\u00adcy has a free mar\u00adket, or ever can have one.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lais\u00adsez-faire is NOT<\/span> an idea favour\u00ading cor\u00adpo\u00adrate pow\u00ader and big busi\u00adness. It is the exact oppo\u00adsite. It is NOT<\/span> a claim that elect\u00aded offi\u00adcials should nev\u00ader reg\u00adu\u00adlate busi\u00adness. Far from it. Implic\u00adit in lais\u00adsez-faire is the neces\u00adsi\u00adty that gov\u00adern\u00adment reg\u00adu\u00adlate busi\u00adness activ\u00adi\u00adties with clear, spe\u00adcif\u00adic, objec\u00adtive laws, applic\u00ada\u00adble to every\u00adone equal\u00adly, with\u00adout excep\u00adtions. No sub\u00adsi\u00addies, no monop\u00ado\u00adlies, no free gifts. No tax cred\u00adits, no tax incen\u00adtives, no tax write-offs, no tax advan\u00adtages; no \u201center\u00adprise zones\u201d, no kick\u00adbacks, no \u201cinduce\u00adments\u201d, no gov\u00adern\u00adment con\u00adtracts, no bail-outs, no lob\u00adbies, no \u201cself-reg\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion\u201d, no \u201cfavourable busi\u00adness cli\u00admate\u201d. That is what \u201clais\u00adsez-faire\u201d means. It has noth\u00ading what\u00adso\u00adev\u00ader to do with the Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive doc\u00adtrine that gov\u00adern\u00adment should be arranged to favour big busi\u00adness, or that cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions should have extra\u00ador\u00addi\u00adnary pow\u00aders, or that the rich should be favoured in tax laws, or that cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions should be allowed to engage in crim\u00adi\u00adnal activ\u00adi\u00adty (such as pol\u00adlu\u00adtion), or any of the oth\u00ader sick\u00aden\u00ading demands made by Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives. Today, the term is used by almost every\u00adone to mean gov\u00adern\u00adment favour\u00ading busi\u00adness, or gov\u00adern\u00adment let\u00adting big busi\u00adness do any\u00adthing it wants, or big busi\u00adness being allowed to oper\u00adate with\u00adout laws or reg\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions (or only those laws or reg\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtions they desire). These are all pro\u00adfound dis\u00adtor\u00adtions and fal\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtions of the mean\u00ading of \u201clais\u00adsez-faire\u201d. These fal\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtions are con\u00adstant\u00adly plant\u00aded in the pub\u00adlic mind by Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives, and stu\u00adpid\u00adly accept\u00aded by those who claim to be oppo\u00adnents of Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives. Lais\u00adsez-faire is not a Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive idea. No Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive, or Cor\u00adpo\u00adrate Pow\u00ader has ever advo\u00adcat\u00aded, sought, or prac\u00adticed a lais\u00adsez-faire eco\u00adnom\u00adic principle.<\/span><\/p>\n

Let me repeat: No Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive, or Cor\u00adpo\u00adrate Pow\u00ader has EVER<\/span> advo\u00adcat\u00aded, sought, or prac\u00adticed a lais\u00adsez-faire eco\u00adnom\u00adic prin\u00adci\u00adple. Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy is the oppo\u00adsite of lais\u00adsez-faire eco\u00adnom\u00adic the\u00ado\u00adry. All Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives seek to acquire wealth and pow\u00ader through the inter\u00adven\u00adtion of the state, through spe\u00adcial priv\u00adi\u00adlege, spe\u00adcial dis\u00adpen\u00adsa\u00adtion, and spe\u00adcial immu\u00adni\u00adties. That is the essence of Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive thought. The very exis\u00adtence of a cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion is a vio\u00adla\u00adtion of lais\u00adsez-faire prin\u00adci\u00adple, a fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal trans\u00adgres\u00adsion of free mar\u00adket eco\u00adnom\u00adics. A cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion is a spe\u00adcial form of col\u00adlec\u00adtivist prop\u00ader\u00adty own\u00ader\u00adship, man\u00addat\u00aded and priv\u00adi\u00adleged by the state. It cre\u00adates a \u201cfic\u00adtion\u00adal per\u00adson\u201d, which is giv\u00aden spe\u00adcial pow\u00aders, dif\u00adfer\u00adent from those of ordi\u00adnary, indi\u00advid\u00adual prop\u00ader\u00adty own\u00aders, includ\u00ading immu\u00adni\u00adty from crit\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly impor\u00adtant respon\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adties, and the con\u00adse\u00adquences of debt. The cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion is a pure exam\u00adple of mer\u00adcan\u00adtilist, dirigiste eco\u00adnom\u00adic doc\u00adtrine. The busi\u00adness cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion, as we know it, orig\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded in state-man\u00adaged enti\u00adties cre\u00adat\u00aded by Europe\u2019s kings in the 17th cen\u00adtu\u00adry. Colbert\u2019s state-run econ\u00ado\u00admy was an econ\u00ado\u00admy of big cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions. The intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal lead\u00aders of the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion under\u00adstood this, and they were extreme\u00adly hos\u00adtile to the idea of cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions, con\u00adsid\u00ader\u00ading them to be un-Amer\u00adi\u00adcan threats to lib\u00ader\u00adty. With the insin\u00adu\u00ada\u00adtion of the doc\u00adtrine of the \u201ccor\u00adpo\u00adrate per\u00adson\u201d into the laws of many coun\u00adtries, the cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion replaced the baro\u00adnial estate as the prin\u00adci\u00adple vehi\u00adcle of aris\u00adto\u00adcrat\u00adic, col\u00adlec\u00adtivist eco\u00adnom\u00adic pow\u00ader. Today\u2019s \u201cglob\u00adal\u201d econ\u00ado\u00admy, dom\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded by large cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions, is a mer\u00adcan\u00adtilist, col\u00adlec\u00adtivist sys\u00adtem, anti\u00adthet\u00adi\u00adcal in every way to free mar\u00adket prin\u00adci\u00adples. It is the direct descen\u00addant of Col\u00adbert\u2019s dirigiste system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Let me repeat again: No Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ever has, or ever will desire or pro\u00admote a free mar\u00adket, and no Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ever has, or ever will desire or pro\u00admote a prin\u00adci\u00adple of lais\u00adsez-faire. ALL<\/span> con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives seek to acquire their wealth and pow\u00ader through the active inter\u00adven\u00adtion of gov\u00adern\u00adment in the econ\u00ado\u00admy, whether by the cre\u00adation of spe\u00adcial priv\u00adi\u00adleges, spe\u00adcial dis\u00adpen\u00adsa\u00adtions, monop\u00ado\u00adlies, gifts, loans, or sub\u00adsi\u00addies, rig\u00adging the tax sys\u00adtem, or using the state\u2019s pow\u00ader to make war to their advan\u00adtage. Cor\u00adpo\u00adrate pow\u00ader is state pow\u00ader. It always has been, and always will be.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con\u00adser\u00advatism and Cor\u00adpo\u00adrate Pow\u00ader on the one hand, and free mar\u00adkets on the oth\u00ader, are absolute, irrec\u00adon\u00adcil\u00adable oppo\u00adsites. There is no \u201cmid\u00addle ground\u201d between them. There is no such thing as a \u201cmixed econ\u00ado\u00admy\u201d. The sys\u00adtem is either fair and impar\u00adtial, or it isn\u2019t. One sub\u00adsidy, one spe\u00adcial priv\u00adi\u00adlege, one spe\u00adcial immu\u00adni\u00adty vio\u00adlates the total integri\u00adty of the sys\u00adtem. The \u201clev\u00adel play\u00ading field\u201d ceas\u00ades to exist, and the idea of a free mar\u00adket van\u00adish\u00ades, just as when one move in a chess game is a cheat, the \u201cgame\u201d can\u00adnot be called a game.<\/span><\/p>\n

The exis\u00adtence of cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions vio\u00adlates the con\u00adcept of a free mar\u00adket so fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adly that, the moment the mod\u00adern cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion came into exis\u00adtence, the pos\u00adsi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of a free mar\u00adket ceased to exist. In the Unit\u00aded States, that was in the 19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry, when the Supreme Court ruled that the \u201cfic\u00adti\u00adtious per\u00adson\u201d of the cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtion pos\u00adsessed \u201cciv\u00adil rights\u201d. Most coun\u00adtries have fol\u00adlowed this notion in their legal sys\u00adtems. No coun\u00adtry that I know of has ever yet prac\u00adticed any\u00adthing resem\u00adbling free mar\u00adket eco\u00adnom\u00adics, least of all the Unit\u00aded States, with its vast array of cor\u00adpo\u00adrate give\u00adaways and sub\u00adsi\u00addies, mil\u00adi\u00adtary pork-bar\u00adrel, and armies of cor\u00adpo\u00adrate lob\u00adby\u00adists extort\u00ading spe\u00adcial priv\u00adi\u00adleges from the gov\u00adern\u00adment. The econ\u00ado\u00admy of the Unit\u00aded States, is, in fact, vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly iden\u00adti\u00adcal to that of Louis XIV<\/span> in ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy and struc\u00adture, right down to its prim\u00adi\u00adtive, sav\u00adage \u201csun king\u201d squat\u00adting on a throne. And it is no sur\u00adprise to me that, just as in Louis XIV\u2019s France, or the old Sovi\u00adet Empire, its tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy and econ\u00ado\u00admy are stag\u00adnat\u00ading, while the rich grow rich\u00ader and the poor grow poorer.<\/span><\/p>\n

While Cor\u00adpo\u00adrate Pow\u00ader can\u00adnot co-exist with free mar\u00adkets, it is per\u00adfect\u00adly com\u00adpat\u00adi\u00adble with Com\u00admu\u00adnism, which is the ulti\u00admate ultra-con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy. In fact, it is the cur\u00adrent doc\u00adtrine and prac\u00adtice among Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives to treat exist\u00ading Com\u00admu\u00adnist Par\u00adties accord\u00ading to their true nature: as big cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtions. Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive doc\u00adtrines are not \u201cat the oth\u00ader end of the spec\u00adtrum\u201d from Com\u00admu\u00adnism. This is a com\u00adplete\u00adly wrong-head\u00aded notion, the result of the con\u00adcep\u00adtu\u00adal con\u00adfu\u00adsion fos\u00adtered by the idi\u00adot\u00adic \u201cleft\/right\u201d gim\u00admick of total\u00adi\u00adtar\u00adi\u00adan intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adals. Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive doc\u00adtrines are very close to Communism.<\/span><\/p>\n

At the bot\u00adtom of the world of ideas, the low\u00adest, both intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly and moral\u00adly, is the racist and geno\u00adci\u00addal ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy of Karl Marx and Adolf Hitler. Today\u2019s Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ide\u00adol\u00ado\u00adgy is not as all-encom\u00adpass\u00ading in its evil, but it is close\u00adly relat\u00aded to it. Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives ped\u00addle a watered-down ver\u00adsion of Marx\u00adism, more con\u00adcerned with lucra\u00adtive exploita\u00adtion and man\u00adage\u00adment than with \u201cend-of-days\u201d meta\u00adphysics or apoc\u00ada\u00adlyp\u00adtic ter\u00adror. But Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives are per\u00adfect\u00adly will\u00ading to employ all the ter\u00adror-tools of the Marx\u00adists, and all their fraudu\u00adlant intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal gib\u00adber\u00adish, if it suits their pur\u00adpose. Among those tools is the plain, straight\u00adfor\u00adward lie. When Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives talk about \u201clais\u00adsez-faire\u201d or \u201cfree mar\u00adkets\u201d, they are sim\u00adply lying, just as Marx\u00adists are lying when they talk about \u201cdemoc\u00adra\u00adcy\u201d or \u201cequal\u00adi\u00adty\u201d, or tel\u00ade\u00advan\u00adge\u00adlists are lying when they claim to be fol\u00adlow\u00ading the phi\u00adlos\u00ado\u00adphy of Jesus.<\/span><\/p>\n

The close rela\u00adtion\u00adship of Con\u00adser\u00advatism to Marx\u00adism should be appar\u00adent to any\u00adone who has spent more than a few min\u00adutes talk\u00ading to a Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ide\u00ado\u00adlogue. They at once betray the same ruth\u00adless dis\u00adre\u00adgard for human rights and indi\u00advid\u00adual human lives. They have the same con\u00adfi\u00addence that glib for\u00admu\u00adlas of pseu\u00addo-eco\u00adnom\u00adic mum\u00adbo-jum\u00adbo trump jus\u00adtice, fair\u00adness, com\u00admon sense, and con\u00adcrete real\u00adi\u00adty. They show the same arro\u00adgant cer\u00adtain\u00adty that the \u201claws of his\u00adto\u00adry\u201d are play\u00ading out for them, and the same arro\u00adgant con\u00adtempt for those they plan to exploit and manip\u00adu\u00adlate.* They show the same delight in using words decep\u00adtive\u00adly, with secret mean\u00adings embody\u00ading the oppo\u00adsite of what the lis\u00adten\u00ader is led to believe. Most of all, they have the same belief that they are the \u201crev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary van\u00adguard\u201d and that the suf\u00adfer\u00ading of oth\u00aders (not them\u00adselves) is a puri\u00adfy\u00ading cleans\u00ading that will bring about a neb\u00adu\u00adlous utopia. Like Marx\u00adists, Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtives will lie to you, exploit you, swin\u00addle you, cheat you, and screw you, at every oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty, while con\u00adstant\u00adly bel\u00adlow\u00ading a sanc\u00adti\u00admo\u00adnious supe\u00adri\u00ador\u00adi\u00adty. Like Com\u00admu\u00adnists, they mas\u00adquer\u00adade as pop\u00adulist voic\u00ades of the down\u00adtrod\u00adden, or as the cham\u00adpi\u00adons of the com\u00admon man, while schem\u00ading for absolute pow\u00ader. Like Com\u00admu\u00adnists, they spout \u201chis\u00adto\u00adry\u201d that is noth\u00ading more than a pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda fan\u00adta\u00adsy, end\u00adless\u00adly muta\u00adble for strate\u00adgic rea\u00adsons. In oth\u00ader words, they are devot\u00aded to the same old, old, old, putri\u00adfy\u00ading men\u00adtal garbage that has plagued, tor\u00adtured, and impov\u00ader\u00adished the human race through\u00adout its painful history.<\/span><\/p>\n

This resem\u00adblance is not co-inci\u00adden\u00adtal or super\u00adfi\u00adcial. It is genet\u00adic and struc\u00adtur\u00adal. No \u201cmap\u201d of ideas that does not place Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive doc\u00adtrines imme\u00addi\u00adate\u00adly close to Marx\u00adist ones is valid. Today\u2019s Neo-Con\u00adser\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive ide\u00ado\u00adlogues are the direct intel\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00adal heirs of the Com\u00admu\u00adnists and Nation\u00adal Social\u00adists, with the same men\u00adtal fur\u00adni\u00adture, the same fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal ideas, and, most impor\u00adtant, the same motives.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014<\/span>
\n * In 2002, Ron Suskind, a his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adan and senior nation\u00adal-affairs reporter for The Wall Street Jour\u00adnal from 1993 to 2000, net with a senior advi\u00adsor to George W. Bush. Suskind recounts the meet\u00ading thus:<\/span><\/p>\n

The aide said that guys like me were \u201din what we call the real\u00adi\u00adty-based com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty,\u201d which he defined as peo\u00adple who \u201dbelieve that solu\u00adtions emerge from your judi\u00adcious study of dis\u00adcernible real\u00adi\u00adty.\u201d I nod\u00added and mur\u00admured some\u00adthing about enlight\u00aden\u00adment prin\u00adci\u00adples and empiri\u00adcism. He cut me off. \u201dThat\u2019s not the way the world real\u00adly works any\u00admore,\u201d he con\u00adtin\u00adued. \u201dWe\u2019re an empire now, and when we act, we cre\u00adate our own real\u00adi\u00adty. And while you\u2019re study\u00ading that real\u00adi\u00adty \u2014 judi\u00adcious\u00adly, as you will \u2014 we\u2019ll act again, cre\u00adat\u00ading oth\u00ader new real\u00adi\u00adties, which you can study too, and that\u2019s how things will sort out. We\u2019re his\u00adto\u00adry\u2019s actors \u2026 and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[recount\u00aded in Suskind, Ron \u2014 With\u00adout A Doubt \u2014 NY<\/span> Times, Octo\u00adber 17, 2004.]<\/span><\/p>\n

This almost hal\u00adlu\u00adci\u00adna\u00adto\u00adry state of mind has been typ\u00adi\u00adcal of the rev\u00ado\u00adlu\u00adtion\u00adary cabal around Bush, and cer\u00adtain\u00adly typ\u00adi\u00adcal of Marx\u00adist-Nazi think\u00ading. It might as well have come from the mouth of Vladimir Lenin, Hein\u00adrich Himm\u00adler, or Pol Pot.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201c<\/span>Lais\u00adsez-faire\u201d is one of many terms that are con\u00adsis\u00adtent\u00adly mis\u00adun\u00adder\u00adstood, mis\u00adused, and dis\u00adtort\u00aded. The term orig\u00adi\u00adnat\u00aded in 17th cen\u00adtu\u00adry France. Under the rule of Louis XIV<\/span>, France had a cen\u00adtral\u00adized, state-man\u00adaged econ\u00ado\u00admy. Vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly all key eco\u00adnom\u00adic deci\u00adsions were in the \u2026<\/p>\n

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